Politecnico opens a new door that leads to the United States

FPM.US, Fellows of Politecnico di Milano.US, is the Foundation of Politecnico di Milano in the United States it is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit, and it is recognized as a Public Charity. It will consolidate Politecnico’s US network , based on the work the Alumni Polimi North American Chapter has been leading for a the past several years.


Prof. Andrea Sianesi (Alumnus and President of Fondazione Politecnico di Milano) describes how “this initiative adds strength to our internationalization strategy”, and he explains how this new element fits with Politecnico’s strategic plans: “The goal is to strengthen Politecnico’s North-American network, to support our University’s missions (education, research, and social and cultural diversity) while leveraging one of our major assets: the Alumni”.


2,000 Alumni of Politecnico live and work in the United States. “FPM.US will enable and accelerate partnerships with institutions and corporations in the US, where the environment and dynamics are so different from Italy that they require a dedicated counterpart.”
The roadmap to consolidate Polietcnico’s network is built on three elements, as Sianesi describes. First, FPM.US is a Charity that will collect donations. Today Politecnico already runs fundraising in Italy, to finance scholarships, educational projects, and specific research projects. American donors will receive from FPM.US the same fiscal benefits other American Foundations and Publich Charities offer. The goal is to collect funds to implement local projects in the United States, as well, like scholarships for studying, participating in internships, or conducting research projects in the US.


“The second element is Research, and FPM.US will empower scientific research collaboration between Italy and the United States”: on the academic side, FPM.US will support research projects developed in partnership with top research centers, that will grant access to NSF funds for academic research. FPM.US will also connect Politecnico with corporations (for example for JRC collaborations - Joint Research Center, find out more on MAP 10), Venture Capital funds, and new opportunities for tech transfers.

“The third element is Placement and Education, and FPM.US will offer Politecnico graduates new professional opportunities and a solid network of Alumni to lean on. We are building our response to this multifaceted challenge as a beta test for a strategy we could deploy in other countries all over the world”.


The President of the Board of Directors is Mauro Porcini, notable Alumnus; the Board also includes the Rector of Politecnico di Milano Ferruccio Resta, the President of Fondazione Politecnico di Milano Andrea Sianesi, the President of Alumni Politecnico di Milano Enrico Zio, the General Director of Fondazione Politecnico di Milano Eugenio Gatti and prof. Luigi De Nardo, together with Alumni in the United States: Alessandra Carriero, Paolo Ciuccarelli, Annalisa Conti, Sebastiano Peluso, Alberto Sangiovanni Vincentelli, Patrizio Sbaragli, Corrado Toxiri.

More than 15,000 Alumni live and work outside of Italy, and 2,000 of them are in the United States. They are the world ambassadors of Politecnico and its culture. FPM.US provides a great opportunity for Alumni who live in the United States to participate directly and play a key role in Politecnico’s future development. FPM.US will focus on internationalization, educational innovation, tech transfer, research, all to increase Politecnico’s brand equity and fund projects and scholarships. 

Enrico Zio, President of Alumni Politecnico di Milano

aula natta home

Aula Natta: a piece of Politecnico history

You enter as if secretly the classroom C.I.1 in Building 6, or the l"Giulio Natta" classroom in the "Giulio Natta" Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, an organic compound of wood, slate and Politecnico history.

From a small door you find yourself in front of a large audience: thirteen steep rows of large and solid wooden desks, a wall of blackboards almost to the ceiling, they rise and fall and multiply, but after years and years of lessons they always keep track and only of the last lesson held, in a cycle of rebirth that recalls the cycles of students, generations of fathers, children and grandchildren who studied here. The windows are almost completely shut out by thick curtains, as if the sunlight from Città Studi could steal something of the spirit of the time. The chair, in the same reddish wood as the desks, is the one from which Giulio Nattataught Industrial Chemistry, from 1938 to 1973, while in the laboratories around here he experimented and discovered the stereospecific synthesis of polypropylene. 

giulio natta
Credits: sussidiario.net

A classroom so large in every part seems to have been built for giant students. When they visit, the Alumni shrink, however, hesitating cautiously on the threshold, while the wives, the husbands and children explore and climb up the stairs, up to the summit, the window from which you can see a tree and the surrounding world. Family members wander and former students remain still in the memory of what it was: someone checks in the corners as when returning from a long vacation, looking for a detail out of place and finding everything in the usual order, others are looking for companions to remember. One takes a quick tour, regaining possession of an abandoned space, goes out and immediately calls a friend with his smartphone, tells him in amazement how "nothing has changed in Natta, while the Politecnico is a whole different thing, new". 

aula natta

An endless list of programmes followed begins, "they now seem like just names - says an Alumnus - but at the time they were lessons, hours spent here": Chemistry, Construction Sciences, Information and Transmission Theory. Each remembers a legendary programme of a mind-blowing year, their own. If the desks were used as a carbon copy, tens of thousands of handwriting could be traced, millions of notes, billions of formulas. A father shows his son the blackboards. Some recognize themselves in the glasses they wear, showing them to each other:

"Before starting the programmes in these classrooms we didn’t have glasses, we left some dioptres here to take notes from the furthest rows, glimpsing numbers from a distance".

The children lean on the desks to which their parents arrived breathless from home in the mornings of their youth, leaving scarves, hats, gloves and any other clothing to keep a valuable place in the front row. For once, the Alumni that are always early meet their classmates who are always late, those who arrived after the lesson had begun and remained outside to avoid the angry look of the teacher and the audience. 

An electrical engineer of the class of '87 tells of the best programme in history: Rational Mechanics held by Amalia Ercoli-Finzi, the first female aeronautical engineer in Italy, the "lady of the comets". Exactly on the stroke of the hour, without a speculative quarter hour, Amalia Finzi entered, greeted and began to write notes on the blackboard from bottom left, explaining with a clear voice that rose towards the entire audience, as if speaking and explaining to each one of the two hundred students, guiding the youngsters into the secrets of mechanical systems. When the bell rang, the professor stopped with the chalk, the last formulas were on the last blackboard at the top right. Every day a wall of formulas, for a season, until one of the last hours of one of the last days, from the fourteenth row of benches, the spell is broken: a student gets up and throws a paper airplane, the first of the programme. The first Italian aeronautical engineer looks at the glide and the ruinous landing and with an indulgent look forgives the thrower, it is not known whether for the lighthearted gesture or for the constructive errors. The programme ended without other airplanes, forty years after Amalia Ercoli-Finzi celebrated her 80th birthday at the Politecnico, the thrower maybe goes around the Natta looking for his desk, his scarf, his notes. 

MAP is one of the many initiatives created by Alumni Politecnico di Milano. If you like this initiative and the other ones dedicated to the Alumni community consider donating.

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Issue 10 of MAP, the Alumni magazine, is out now 

MAP, the magazine dedicated to architects, designers and engineers at the Politecnico di Milano, returns with an important 10th issue; a milestone that consolidates this wonderful publishing project created with the financial support of its donors

To celebrate this milestone, we have redesigned the magazine, giving it a new look with the focus on sustainability. Its content has also been overhauled, giving readers and even clearer indication of the importance of the Alumni who contribute substantially to the development of the Politecnico and the fulfilment of its important missions: teaching, research and social responsibility. 

MAP is one of the many initiatives created by Alumni Politecnico di Milano. If you want to receive two issues of the magazine in paper format, consider donating..

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Starting a collaboration for the Smart Glasses of the future

EssilorLuxottica and Politecnico di Milano have created the first ever joint research centre aimed at designing the smart glasses of the future, EssilorLuxottica Smart Eyewear Lab.

The agreement involves an investment worth over 50 million euros. It was announced by Vittorio Colao, Minister for Technological Innovation and Digital Transition; Giuseppe Sala, Mayor of Milan; Fabrizio Sala, Lombardy’s regional Minister for Research, Innovation, University, Export and Universities, and Internationalisation; Ferruccio Resta, Rector of Politecnico di Milano, and Francesco Milleri, Chairman and CEO of EssilorLuxottica.

The project will encompass industrial research and experimental development of devices underlying a new generation of wearables which are capable of autonomous network connection. It is a pioneering and tangible project that will enable the development of technologies and services by means of a widely used interface such as eyewear.

The EssilorLuxottica Smart Eyewear Lab will initially last five years and will employ when fully operational over 100 among researchers and scientists scientists working closely together in a dedicated space within theInnovation District, which the Politecnico di Milano is currently developing in the Parco dei Gasometri, located in the Bovisa area in Milan. The University thus aims to bridge the gap between universities and businesses, developing a highly international research environment that fosters synergies and transversality.

Credits: Polimi

The project’s main challenge will be the development of core hardware, software and application technologies to enable humans to interact with the digital world. To do so, the EssilorLuxottica Smart Eyewear Lab’s industrial research and experimental development will be divided into five macro-objectives: analysis and development of electronic and photonic components, as well as algorithms to acquire, process and offer real-world information via augmented reality to the user. Their development will integrate the technology within various prototype glasses, as foreseen in the last two objectives, by developing materials, charging systems and algorithms to certify their performance in real environments.

The EssilorLuxottica Smart Eyewear Lab in Milan will work as part of the Group’s R&D platform, already operating globally, with more than 30 R&D centres dedicated to vision care, eyewear design, sustainability and digital transformation, around 1,000 researchers and more than 11,000 patents.

EssilorLuxottica and the Politecnico di Milano also aim to jointly create an ad hoc curriculum fostering the development of increasingly specific skills in the wearable and smart eyewear field and virtuously feeding the new Lab’s research activities. The goal is to attract young talents, PhDs, researchers and teaching staff to put their effort into this innovative project, to train new resources who can meet the demands of the current and future labour market.

The agreement with EssilorLuxottica represents a milestone in the development of the “Goccia di Bovisa” area, for several reasons. Certainly, the first one is that the University now works alongside an internationally recognized example of excellence, an Italian group that is synonymous with innovation – a great catalyst for other entrepreneurial and research endeavours within the innovation district taking shape in the Gasometri area.

The second reason relates to the realm in which we will operate: the metaverse, of which we can only guess the possibilities today, is a complex area of study and experimentation, involving technological fields developed within the University: from electronics, to photonics, to data science. It opens up unprecedented perspectives that are not limited to technological innovation or the development of new products, but reshape entire processes, services and relationships. It is precisely on this basis that the Joint Research Platform will operate over the next five years.

Ferruccio Resta, Rector of the Politecnico di Milano

Immagini da Politecnico di Milano

De Chirico home

There is a De Chirico in the library

If you go through the automatic gates of the library in the Leonardo Campus and continue straight on, you might catch a glance of something in the corner of your eye just before the glass doors that separate the entrance hall from students studying intensely: there’s a doorway.

Casting your gaze the doorway, you can see a painting. It hangs on the other side of the wall, in a small, dedicated room. “Ettore e Andromaca” (“Hector and Andromache”), an oil painting on canvas measuring 82cm by 56cm, is stored there in a glass case. The canvas is signed in the bottom right-hand corner: Giorgio De Chirico, 1917. “Every so often students ask whether it’s real,”, we are told at the library reception. And the response is yes, it's an original De Chirico.

De Chirico

Federico Bucci, the Rector's Delegate for Cultural Policies and Vice Rector of the Mantua Campus of the Politecnico di Milano, explains its provenance:

“The work comes from a donor who asked to remain anonymous. He wanted to give it up on one condition: that the painting was to be enjoyed by the students specifically. So, we decided to position it in one of the passing places of the Campus, and in a passing place of thought. We’ve put it in particular place: there's the intriguing doorway, and once you enter the room there’s a bench on which to sit and fully appreciate the work. We wanted to create the same sense of tranquillity when you are looking at the painting, the same feeling as when you are sat in the library in front of a book, delving into the subject.”

The painting depicts the verses of theIliad in which Andromache begs Hector not to leave the walls of Troy in order to face Achilles in battle. In these verses Homer writes: Andromache...clasped his hand and spoke to him, saying: “Ah, my husband, this prowess of thine will be thy doom, neither hast thou any pity for thine infant child nor for hapless me...nevermore shall any comfort be mine.

De Chirico

A few steps away in the Sala Guernica there is a reproduction of Picasso’s Guernica, which was created in 1973 by “Movimento Studentesco” (“Student Movement”). Bucci recalls that period:

“They were years in which the students’ ideological commitment led them to replicate an anti-war piece, which is still relevant today. The reproduction of that Picasso work has a specific meaning: here you study, you work on a particular topic but then you lift your gaze and reflect on the future of society, on the goal of peace. Positioning this De Chirico here today has the same meaning.”

Federico bucci
Federico Bucci

He then delved into a description of the scene: “it's a painting in an architectural setting, beginning with the central perspective of the floor, which has the same colouring as the two mannequins. The two figures are tailoring tools which cannot embrace one another, telling us that modern man needs heart, spirit and humanity. And it reminds us that while I am here and I am studying mathematical analysis or building science, while I am designing the future - because that’s what we do at the Poli, we lay the groundwork for the future - there, I am called back to humanity. It’s a way of reflecting that, of course you may become an architect, an engineer or designer, or maybe you aspire to become a Nobel Laureate in chemistry, but the important thing is to stay true to ourselvesTherefore, putting an artist here means sending a message first and foremost to say that yes, we have our profession, but we will never forget that we are people".

 “A WORK OF ART IN A LIBRARY REMINDS US THAT WHILE WE ARE STUDYING TO DESIGN FUTURES, WE ARE CALLED TO HUMANITY”

Andrea, a student of Electronic Engineering, stops in front of the painting and remarks: “Being in a place of knowledge, surrounded by icons, motivates me to study. It feels like being in a museum which is in some way only open for you.”. Gianluca, a student of Mechanical Engineering, adds: “Having a work of art like this gives personality to the library. The figures look like they could be studies of aerodynamics applied to the human form.”. Beatrice, a student of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering who chose History of Art as an optional course, said: “In an environment of technical minds, I see art as a form of freedom, an extra resource, a reminder that we can use our imagination. The fact that the painting almost needs to be discovered behind this doorway gives a sense of looking into things and gives the impression that the Poli is a place which is also connected to art”.

Guernica
Credits: Polimi

The Leonardo Campus library catalogue includes certain titles devoted specifically to De Chirico, such as the book by art historian Vincenzo Trione, “Giorgio De Chirico. The city of silence: architecture, memory, prophecy” (Skira). One student left a mark by underlining certain passages in pencil: “that which interests him is not solid reality, but the theatre of the space. He covers recovery and bleakness, playing with literal homages and disguises. He always bases his work on real figures which he then modifies, until they become almost unrecognisable, echoes of a dawning world.”

On the topic of students, Federico Bucci observes that “in the 1920s, a student at the Politecnico that knew about metaphysical painting probably stood in front of this painting himself. It is important that there is a recovery and an exchange between the young generations of then and now. In the library, we have also put up drawings from the archives which were created by students between the 19th and 20th centuries, precisely because we envision an art collection that is capable of interacting with our memories.”".

Meanwhile, a girl who has just passed through the library's entrance gates slows down. For a moment, before entering the study room, she looks at the doorway, intrigued.

pok home

Polimi Open Knowledge: “Made in Politecnico” lifelong learning

Just getting a degree does not cut it anymore: lifelong learning is already the norm for most professionals. “The Politecnico has been offering lifelong learning and postgraduate programmes for some time now, especially through its consortia and departments which offer professional training courses, masters and business training,” explained professor Federico Caniato, the Rector's Delegate for lifelong learning. “However, in recent years, the need for a new type of education has emerged; one that is online, self-led but reliable, available in odd moments of spare time with a personalised approach, which also links to the topic of free learning.

The university’s response is Polimi Open Knowledge, a platform which gathers modular video lessons which are created by professors at the Politecnico on an ad hoc basis and complemented with study materials and assessment tests. This type of training is known as MOOC, massive open online courses, and is becoming increasingly popular across the world. The Poli's platform contains dozens of MOOCs dedicated to professionals; particularly for alumni that are keen to explore or brush up on wide-ranging subjects like soft skills, artificial intelligence, sustainable technologies, but also basic knowledge of topics such as professional project management. “The courses can be completed online independently and free of charge, with a view to democratising knowledge.”

EUROPEAN TRAINING

The Poli is also launching a new postgraduate teaching project in partnership with 4 other top technical universities: ETH, Aachen, Delft and Chalmers. “There has been an alliance with these European partners for many years called IDEA League, which is involved in many research, teaching and social responsibility initiatives. The Lifelong Learning project is also going in this direction. Alumni will be able to access the online training courses which will be structured with the support of a supervisor and technical content provided by each of the 5 universities.” The programme lasts approximately one year and costs €5,000. It will end with a week in person (the first edition will be held between Zurich and Milan) alongside professionals from various European countries who will meet the professors and develop a capstone project to conclude the course.

Long story short: if you thought you had closed your books for good, it is time to think again.

Credits home/header: https://www.pok4professionals.polimi.it/

dati occupazionali 2022 home

Record employment for Politecnico di Milano graduates

The rate of employment of Politecnico di Milano graduates keeps growing. The employment rate of Italian Master's degree graduates rose by 2 percentage points, with 98% already in employment one year after graduation Employment is almost fully guaranteed for engineers (up from 98% to 99%), as well as architects and designers (respectively up from 93% to 97% and from 88% to 94%) , and employment rates five years after graduation were confirmed at 99%..

These are the data revealed by the employment survey published by the Politecnico di Milano, carried out with a dual time scale of one year and five years after graduation.
Almost all graduates (91%) have a job that is consistent with their degree , and a third of those interviewed had already found the job before graduation, thanks to careful observation of external dynamics and training that keeps pace with market demands. Permanent employment contracts are also on the rise, with 60% of graduates in permanent employment one year after graduation and 90% after five years.

After five years, 90% are employed in the private sector and 54% work for an SME, although contracts with large multinationals are on the rise; the main market is still Italy (83%).

Although salaries in Italy remain largely unchanged, Master's degree graduates from the Politecnico di Milano see salary increases five years after graduation to an average of €2,187, around €700 net more per month than the salary of a newly graduated employee; this growth goes hand in hand with a professional career and the assumption of positions of responsibility.
There was also a leap forward in the world of work (+7%) for foreign Master's degree graduates trained at the Politecnico, whose employment rate rose from 82% to 89% one year after graduation, rising to 95% after five years. They report being satisfied with the university and with the qualification because it is consistent with the work they do, but fewer than 50% remain in Italy to work.

Employment among Bachelor’s degree graduatesis also on the rise (+5%), with 92% in work one year after graduation, despite a slight drop in terms of remuneration, thus indicating that the investment in training tends to pay off.

“Record employment for our graduates. This is the benefit of training that keeps pace with the expectations of the private sector, where most of our new graduates find work, as well as the public sector, where the greatest efforts will be concentrated in the coming years for the implementation of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan," commented Ferruccio Resta, Rector of the Politecnico di Milano .- "The data collected also reconfirm, going against the national trend, one of the characteristics of the Politecnico di Milano: the consistency between the qualification obtained by our graduates and the job they do Last but not least is the data concerning foreign students. Trained at our university, only half of them work in Italy. This is a trend that needs to be reversed, in order to increase the innovation potential of our territories and the definition of long-term active policies."

diana home

DIANA: studying drugs for brain by miniaturized platform

The Politecnico di Milano has developed an innovative technological device, for industrial use, aimed at the study of new drugs for the treatment of brain disorders such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. This is the main result of the European project DIANA (Organ-on-a-chip Drug screenIng device to tArget braiN diseAse), funded in 2019 by the Proof-of Concept call of theERC (European Research Council).

DIANA brought together universities and companies in a consortium between the Politecnico di Milano and the innovative SME Neuro-Zone srl, specialized in discovery activities to support the development of drugs in the field of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. The project was enhanced by the involvement of Diego Albani, researcher in neuroscience at the Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS in Milan, an expert in innovative pharmacological approaches for neurodegenerative diseases.

The Chip4DBrain platform developed by DIANA is based on a state-of-the-art technology known as" organ-on-a-chip "that allows you to reproduce complex organ functions on systems the size of a microscope slide.

explains Carmen Giordano, Professor of Bioengineering at the Politecnico di Milano..

This is a further step towards the development of evolved in vitro models, which can reproduce some of the key characteristics of biological systems, such as the three-dimensionality or the simultaneous presence of different types of cells, just as it is in our brain, to evaluate the potential of a new drug to cross the blood brain barrier and effectively target the brain.

This innovative miniaturized platform is able to integrate in a single in vitro system the blood-brain barrier, which protects our brain from the aggression of molecules and external agents, and a model of brain tissue.

Chip4D Brain has also allowed the implementation of cellular models of the blood brain and brain barrier, already in use at Neuro-Zone, making them closer to the biological profile of a patient thanks to the use of commercial human stem cells.

Giordano adds:

In an international scenario - concludes Carmen Giordano - where the restrictions or ethical assessments towards the use of animal models also in the field of neuroscience are very complex, predictive and advanced in vitro models are increasingly urgent.

The mission that DIANA has faced is highly topical: in the coming decades, brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease will have a significant increase, but unfortunately the development of effective drugs requires a ten-year process, investments of billions of euros to facing a failure rate, which for Alzheimer's disease alone is close to 95%.

Find out more: DIANA project fact-sheet
DIANA project on CORDIS

Read also: https://www.polimi.it/it/dettaglio-apertura/article/10/diana-studiare-farmaci-per-il-cervello-con-una-piattaforma-miniaturizzata-10421/

Credits header: Photo by Solen Feyissa on Unsplash

stem 4 women

“Stem 4 Women @Gruppo 24 ORE” scholarship

The "STEM 4 Women @Gruppo 24 ORE" Scholarship has been awarded by Gruppo 24 ORE to Valeria Pantè, a student on the Laurea Magistrale (equivalent to Master of Science) programme in Engineering of Computing Systems at the Politecnico di Milano.

The scholarship is aimed at young women on engineering courses at the Politecnico di Milano with the idea of supporting women on STEM degree programmes, subjects which are still studied by fewer female students in Italy. Suffice to say that, although more than half of graduates from Italian universities are women (58.7% of the total in 2020), only 16 out of every 100 have a STEM qualification, compared to 35 men (Istat, 2021).

"I am extremely grateful to Gruppo 24 ORE and the Politecnico di Milano for this wonderful initiative which encourages inclusion in STEM and underlines its importance. In this field of study, we are still struggling to achieve gender equality in terms of the number of students, despite there being no barrier to overcoming this problem: men and women have the same skills and capabilities. Inclusivity and diversity are key elements for having different points of view and finding more effective solutions,” stated Valeria Pantè, the winner of the award.

valeria pantè
Credits: Polimi

This scholarship is part of the initiatives - also in synergy with companies and Alumni - of the Politecnico that aim to encourage the presence of women in engineering courses where women are below 35%:

"The partnership with Sole 24 Ore is part of a journey that the Politecnico di Milano has clearly outlined among its strategic policies, that of increasing female participation on study programmes where less than 35% are women,” said Rector Ferruccio Resta, “It is fundamental that the issue of gender is shared by companies as something of a passing of the baton between the educational side and professional development. The two must go hand in hand. Recognising and promoting talent is the first step in this direction".

You too can support the Girls @ Polimi scholarships with a donation starting from 10 euros. Click here .

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The Appia Antica will live forever with the Politecnico's 4D technology

The Parco Archeologico dell’Appia Antica (Appia Antica Archaeological Park) was established in 2016 and represents the largest protected urban area in Europe, with 4,500 hectares of landscape and a series of archaeological areas, along more than 16km of the Via Appia Antica “Regina Viarum” (Queen of the Roads). 

From now on, the park will no longer fear the passing of time: because of the work carried out by the Politecnico di Milano, it has been possible to deliver a comprehensive, organic and systematic surveying and digitalisation project in the area for the purpose of creating a modern geographical atlas.

appia gicarus
Credits: Polimi

The aim is to create a ‘living 4D digital twin’ which can be used by experts, curators and other individuals responsible for restoring and preserving the largest protected urban area in Europe, to be developed and monitored over time.

“A living digital twin,” says the coordinator Raffaella Brumana from the GIcarus ABCLab at the Politecnico di Milano, “which spans the past and future in infinite dimensions, made up of information models to support conservation projects and monitoring, seismic vulnerability plans, and is connectable to wireless IoT sensors. It is implementable, updatable and searchable, allows for synchronic and diachronic correlations and adds knowledge as it grows in size. It can be re-used for sharing content and interactive, immersive and remote use.”

4D DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIC ATLAS: HOW DOES IT WORK?

To date, the atlas contains over 200,000 images and 20 terabytes of data and modelsmodels from which it is possible to extract information relating to the three-dimensional models of the park's geographical space.

The high-precision survey was conducted using terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) and portable scanners (MMS - Mobile Mapping Systems), terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, drones, spherical cameras and multispectral sensors and made it possible to obtain an HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modelling) model in four dimensions (space and time) which, once associated with historical information, material and sensors for monitoring instability and deterioration, makes it possible to compare the construction techniques employed over the centuries.